Apr 12, 2026
15.3 Other Bee Parasites.
While Varroa and Tropilaelaps mites often dominate the discussion on colony health, a broader spectrum of mite species interacts with honey bee colonies. Some of these, such as the pollen mite (Mellitiphis alvearius), are common residents in hives but are not true parasites of honey bees. In practice, this means you must learn to distinguish between harmless co-inhabitants and genuine threats to your bees' wellbeing. For a beginner, the key point is that maintaining general apiary hygiene and monitoring consistently will help you keep these other, less aggressive mite populations in check.
Identifying Mites and Other Hive Associates
The Pollen Mite (Mellitiphis alvearius)
The pollen mite is a small, brown mite that is frequently found in hives, especially in regions like Australia. It is slightly smaller than a Varroa mite, typically measuring around 0.75 mm by 0.75 mm in size. These mites are not parasitic on honey bees; instead, they feed on the pollen stored within the hive. For a beginner, the key point is to recognise that finding these mites during a routine inspection does not necessarily signal a health crisis in your colony. This naturally leads to a more measured response when you notice small, brown specks moving on the hive debris.
Braula Fly (Braula coeca)
The Braula fly, sometimes called the bee louse, is a wingless fly that is often mistaken for a mite. Despite its name, it does not act as a parasite of the adult bee in the way Varroa does. Instead, it lives on the thorax of the adult bee, primarily stealing food from the bee’s mouth parts. While they can be an annoyance, they are generally not considered a significant threat to the overall colony's survival. Over time, you will begin to recognise them as a curious, if minor, inhabitant of many healthy, strong colonies.
Understanding Transmission and Presence
Pathways of Movement
Many of these non-parasitic mites and hive associates move between colonies through the same natural pathways as the bees themselves. Foraging bees that visit flowers or interact with bees from other hives can inadvertently transport these organisms back to their home colony. Additionally, the human-assisted movement of hives, frames of brood, or hive equipment can spread these associates throughout an entire apiary. In practice, this means your biosecurity protocols—such as not swapping equipment between hives—are essential for maintaining a clean environment. This naturally leads to a more stable apiary where the presence of harmless associates remains low.
Regional Differences in Mite Populations
The presence of various mite species often depends heavily on your local climate and geographical region. Some mites are widespread, while others are confined to specific areas or are associated with different honey bee species. For example, beekeepers managing Apis mellifera in one part of the world will encounter a completely different set of mite species than those in another. For a beginner, the key point is to consult with local beekeeping associations or agricultural extension services to understand which species are common in your specific area. This knowledge helps you avoid unnecessary alarm when encountering unfamiliar, but harmless, hive residents.
Responsible Monitoring and Control Measures
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for General Health
The most effective way to manage the broad spectrum of mite species is through the same Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices used for major threats. Keeping your colonies strong, healthy, and headed by a productive queen is your first and most effective line of defence. Proper hive sanitation—such as keeping the bottom boards clean of excessive debris and removing old, unused comb—deprives many mites of the places they hide and breed. In practice, this means regular, methodical inspections that allow you to spot any significant shift in colony behaviour early.
Maintaining Hygiene and Vigilance
If you are ever uncertain about the identity of a mite you have found, do not hesitate to seek an expert opinion. Always keep written and photographic records of any unusual observations you make during your regular hive checks. In the event of a suspected exotic pets, report it immediately to your local agricultural authority or national plant and pest hotline. For a beginner, the key point is that constant, calm vigilance is the most effective tool in your beekeeping kit. This approach ensures that you are prepared to manage any issue that may arise, whether it is a common associate or a more serious threat.
Summary
While many mite species are present in honey bee colonies, not all are harmful parasites. Mites like the pollen mite and insects like the Braula fly are often just harmless residents that feed on stored resources or steal small amounts of food. Their transmission occurs through natural bee interactions and, occasionally, human management practices. By practising good hygiene, maintaining strong colonies, and following IPM principles, you can manage these populations effectively. Over time, your ability to identify and monitor your bees will give you the confidence to manage any health challenge that may appear in your hives.
References
Plant Health Australia (2024). Bee Aware: Identifying Mites and Pests in Australian Bee Hives. This resource offers photographic comparisons between Varroa, Tropilaelaps, Braula flies, and pollen mites to assist with field diagnosis. Found in the Comparative Diagnosis section.
Penn State University (2025). Beekeeping Basics: Managing Maladies and Hive Pests. This guide covers the broad spectrum of mite species and emphasises the importance of IPM practices for long-term hive stability. Found in the Integrated Pest Management section.
URL: https://extension.psu.edu/beekeeping-basics
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) (2023). Good Beekeeping Practices for Sustainable Apiculture. These manual biosecurity practices, including sanitation and equipment management, to prevent the spread of pests between hives. Found in the Apiary Management section.